When your exams are right around the corner, you need to make the most out of your limited study hours. This is especially important for a subject like chemistry that is considered to be one of the most difficult subjects of the CBSE Class 12th exams. Thankfully, there are some important topics that you can focus more on. Please note that this doesn’t mean that you should just leave out the rest of the topics. It only means that you can focus more on these. So, here is a list of important topics for your CBSE Class 12 Chemistry exam:
Unit 1 – Solid State
- Classifying solids depending on their binding forces (Molecular, covalent, ionic, and metallic solids)
- Unit cell in three-dimensional and two-dimensional lattices (calculating number of atoms per unit cell)
- Calculating density of unit cell
- Packing in solids (calculation of radius, packing efficiency, etc.)
- Magnetic and electrical properties
- Band theory on insulators, semiconductors, n&p type semiconductors, conductors, and metals
- Electron sea model
Unit 2 – Solutions
- Types of solutions
- Henry’s law
- Gases’ solubility in liquids and how it changes with temperature
- Colligative properties
- Raoult’s law
- Numerical problems based on relative lowering of vapour pressure
- Depression of freezing point
- Osmotic pressure
- Elevation of boiling point
- Determining molecular masses by using colligative properties
- Van’t Hoff factor, including when it is greater than 1 and less than 1
- Abnormal molecular mass
Unit 3 – Electrochemistry
- Redox reactions, definition along with examples
- Conductance in electrolytic solutions
- Conductivity variations with concentration
- Molar and specific conductivity
- Kohlrausch’s Law
- Galvanic cells and dry cell-electrolytic cells
- Electrolysis, Law of electrolysis, and Faradays’ laws
- Corrosion
- Fuel cells
- EMF of a cell
- Relation between EMF of a cell and Gibbs energy change
- Nernst equation and how it can be applied to chemical cells
- Standard electrode potential
Unit 4 – Chemical Kinetics
- Average and instantaneous rate of a reaction
- Factors that can affect the rate of reaction – temperature, concentration, and catalyst
- Conceptual question
- Molecularity and order of a reaction
- Specific rate constant and rate law
- Elementary idea of the concept of collision theory
- Integrated rate equations
- Half life for first and zero order reactions
- Arrhenius equation
- Activation energy and effect of temperature
Unit 5 – Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption – chemisorption and physisorption
- Factors that affect the gases’ adsorption on solids
- Conceptual questions from the unit
- Catalysis
- Heterogenous and homogenous activity and selectivity
- Suspension and colloids
- Enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between the true solutions
- Emulsion and its types
- Coagulation
- Electrophoresis
- Tyndall effect
- Properties of colloids
- Brownian movement
- Macromolecular, lyophilic, and lyophobic multi-molecular colloids
Unit 6 – General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Methods and principles of extraction including concentration, reduction, and oxidation
- Electrolytic refining and method
- Principles and occurrence of extraction of copper, aluminium, iron, and zinc
Unit 7 – p block element
- Group 15 elements
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- Electronic configuration, trends in chemical and physical properties, oxidation states, occurrence. (Conceptual questions might be asked)
- Nitrogen – properties, preparation and uses
- Compounds of Nitrogen
- Preparing Ammonia and Nitric acid and their properties
- Structure of oxides of nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Compounds of phosphorus
- Allotropic forms
- Elementary idea of how to prepare phosphine, oxoacids, and halides along with their properties
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- Group 16 elements
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- Electronic configuration, trends in chemical and physical properties, oxidation states, occurrence. (Conceptual questions might be asked)
- Dioxygen – properties, preparation and uses
- Ozone
- Classification of oxides
- Sulphur and its allotropic forms
- Compounds of sulphur -properties, preparation, and uses of sulphur dioxide
- Structure of oxoacids of sulphur
- Sulphuric acid – Industrial manufacturing process, uses, and properties
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- Group 17 elements
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- Electronic configuration, trends in chemical and physical properties, oxidation states, occurrence. (Conceptual questions might be asked)
- Compounds of halogens
- Chlorine and hydrochloric acid – preparation, uses, and properties
- Oxoacids of halogens
- Interhalogen compounds
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- Group 18 elements
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- Electronic configuration, trends in chemical and physical properties, oxidation states, occurrence. (Conceptual questions might be asked)
Unit 8 – d and f Block Elements
- Electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, occurrence. (Conceptual questions might be asked)
- General properties trends of the first row of transition metals and their metallic character
- Ionization enthalpy
- Ionic radii
- Oxidation states
- Catalytic property
- Colour
- Magnetic properties
- Alloy formation
- Interstitial compounds
- Properties and preparing K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
- Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, chemical reactivity, oxidation stress, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
- Actinides – electronic configuration, comparison with lanthanide, and oxidation stress
Unit 9 – Coordination Compounds
- Coordination number, magnetic properties, shapes, and colour
- Ligands
- Bonding
- Mononuclear coordination compounds’ IUPAC nomenclature
- Werner’s theory
- Bonding
- Stereo isomerism and structure
- CFT
- VBT
Unit 10 – Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Haloalkanes
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- Nature of C-X bond
- Nomenclature
- Chemical and physical properties
- Optical rotation
- Mechanism of substitution reactions
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- Haloarenes
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- Nature of C-X bond
- Substitution reactions that include halogen’s directive influence in monosubstituted compounds
- Environmental effects and uses of:
- Dichloromethane
- DDT
- Freons
- Iodoform
- Tetrachloromethane
- Trichloromethane
Unit 11 – Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Alcohols
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- Methods of preparation
- Nomenclature
- Chemical and physical properties (only primary alcohols)
- identifying primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
- Dehydration mechanism, uses with reference to ethanol and methanol
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- Phenols
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- Methods of preparation
- Nomenclature
- Chemical and physical properties
- Uses of phenols
- Electrophilic substitution reactions
- Acidic nature of phenol
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- Ethers
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- Methods of preparation
- Nomenclature
- Uses
- Chemical and physical properties
Unit 12 – Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Aldehydes and Ketones
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- Nature of carbonyl group
- Nomenclature
- Methods of preparation
- Chemical and physical properties
- Nucleophilic addition mechanism
- Alpha hydrogen’s reactivity in Aldehydes
- Uses
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- Carboxylic Acids
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- Methods of preparation
- Nomenclature
- Acidic nature
- Chemical and physical properties
- Uses
Unit 13 – Organic compounds containing Nitrogen
- Amines
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- Classification
- Nomenclature
- Structure
- Chemical and physical properties
- Uses
- Methods of preparation
- Identifying primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
- Diazonium salts
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- Preparation
- Importance in synthetic organic chemistry
- Chemical reactions
Unit 14 – Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates
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- Classification (ketoses and aldoses)
- Monosaccharides (fructose and glucose)
- Polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen)
- D-L configuration oligosaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose)
- Importance of carbohydrates
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- Proteins
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- Elementary idea of proteins, polypeptides, peptide bond, and amino acids
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins
- Denaturation of proteins
- Elementary idea of hormones
- Classification and functions of vitamins
- Enzymes
- Nucleic Acids – RNA and DNA
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- Classification of Polymers
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- Natural and synthetic
- Copolymerization
- Methods of polymerization
- Important polymers
- Natural and synthetic polymers like polythene
- Rubber
- Bakelite
- Nylon polymer
- Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymer
Unit 15 – Chemistry in Everyday life
- Chemicals in Medicines
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- Antibiotics
- Antacids
- Antimicrobials
- Analgesics
- Antifertility drugs
- Antihistamines
- Disinfectants
- Tranquilizers antiseptics
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- Chemicals in food
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- Elementary idea of antioxidants
- Artificial sweetening agents
- Preservations
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- Cleansing agents
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- Cleansing action
- Soaps and detergents
These were some of the important topics from Class 12 Chemistry. You will be able to find all these topics in the NCERT textbooks. You can find the chemistry class 12 NCERT solutions pdf online. These concepts will cover the questions in the board exam. Give priority to the above-mentioned topics and you will have a better preparation.
